The halogens are the only group of elements that include elements in all of the three main states of matter: gases, liquids, and solids. They commonly form ionic bonds with metals and covalent bonds with other nonmetals. Occupational hygiene for all three irritant gases includes tests for olfactory sense use of impermeable gloves, eye protection, and respirators and a readily available water supply wherever ammonia is used. The halogens are highly reactive nonmetallic elements. No evidence is available to suggest carcinogenicity or teratogenicity of these compounds. Chronic sequelae of exposure are bronchitis, chronic airflow obstruction, bronchiolitis obliterans, and peribronchial or interstitial fibrosis. Among the halogens the rare element is A. While some halogens, such as fluorine and chlorine are reactive chemical substances, all noble gases are inert, which means they do not react with other elements readily. The chemical characteristics and the acute management of exposures to these substances were detailed. Halogens are Group 7 elements while noble gases are Group 0 elements. Significant hazards are present both in the workplace and in the surrounding communities. The effects of halogen gases on the electrical conductivities of silver bromide and silver chloride. Bromine (7726956) has been used in the petrochemical industry and as a fire retardant. Chlorine (7782505) has been used in sewage treatment and in the pharmaceutical, paper, and textile industries. Risk of phosgene exposure is prevalent among firefighters, welders, and paint strippers. Ammonia has been used in the manufacture of fertilizers, plastics, dyes and explosives, and in the mining industry. The hazardous and toxicological aspects of halogen gases, ammonia (7664417), and phosgene (75445) were reviewed.
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